8/24/2023 0 Comments Dendrite structure 1999However, the exact nature of the dendrite pathology in these neurodegenerative diseases still remains largely elusive. In other words, these findings indicate that certain neuronal alterations in function and/or morphology preceding cell death contribute crucially to the initiation of symptoms at the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases.Īs a plausible candidate of these neuronal alterations preceding cell death, dendrite pathology in AD ( 7), PD ( 8), polyQ diseases ( 9, 10), and ALS ( 11) have been well recognized in both animal models and human patients. Consistent with this, it has been observed that the animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as HD ( 4) and PD ( 5, 6), displayed behavioral symptoms even without severe neuronal loss. For example, the brains of polyglutamine (polyQ) disease patients typically show eventual neuronal loss 10–20 years after onset of symptoms ( 3). Notably, this massive neuronal cell death is associated primarily with the late stages of the diseases, and may not account for the disease symptoms at the early stages. The other common feature is the massive neuronal loss in the brain of the late-onset patients, which renders their name “neurodegenerative diseases”( 2), although the affected brain regions vary depending on the types of the diseases. One such feature is the accumulation of toxic proteins ( 1). Although the manifestation of the symptoms and the progress of these diseases differ, there exist certain features which are common to many diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases include a range of neuronal disabilities such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and Lou Gehrig’s disease/Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ( 1). Keywords: Cytoskeleton, Dendrite pathology, Golgi outposts, Mitochondria, Neurodegenerative diseases By reviewing what has been unveiled to date regarding dendrite growth in terms of these local cellular components, we aim to provide an insight to categorize the potential cellular basis that can be applied to the dendrite pathology manifested in many neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies in normal condition have revealed that several cellular components, such as local cytoskeletal structures and organelles located locally in dendrites, play crucial roles in dendrite growth. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular basis of dendritic changes in the neurodegenerative diseases remains largely elusive. Given the importance of the proper dendritic structures for neuronal functions, the dendrite pathology appears to have crucial contribution to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The complexity and diversity of dendrites are particularly well recognized, and accumulating evidences suggest that the alterations in the dendrite structure are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. One of the characteristics of the neurons that distinguishes them from other cells is their complex and polarized structure consisting of dendrites, cell body, and axon.
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